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"The
orthodox school has witnessed for centuries that nature itself has never once
cured any existing disease with another dissimilar one, however intense. What
must we think of this school, which nevertheless has continued to treat chronic
diseases allopathically, with medicines and formulas that can only cause a
disease condition --God knows which --dissimilar to the one being treated? Even
if these physicians have not hitherto observed nature attentively enough, the
miserable results of their treatment should have taught them that they were on
the wrong road." Samuel Hahnemann

Samuel Hahnemann was a German physician who earned his
Doctor of Medicine degree in 1779. At the time of his graduation,
Scientific advances were beginning to be seen in the fields of chemistry,
physics, physiology and anatomy. The clinical practice of medicine,
however, was rife with superstition and lack of scientific rigor. The
treatments of the day, such as purgatives, bleeding, blistering plasters,
herbal preparations and emetics lacked a rational basis and were more harmful
than effective. Hahnemann recognized this and wrote critically of current
practices in several papers on topics such as Arsenic poisoning,
hygiene, dietetics and psychiatric treatment.
While translating William Cullen's A treatise of the materia
medica into German, Hahnemann was struck by a passage that deal with cinchona bark,
which was used to treat malaria. Cullen described its mechanism of action
as a function of its stomach-strengthening properties. Hahnemann did not
accept this explanation and took "four good drams of Peruvian bark, twice
a day for several days" to attempt to characterize the action of the
quinine-containing bark. Hahnemann reported that he began to develop
symptoms identical to those of malaria. He concluded from this
experience that effective drugs must produce symptoms in healthy people that
are similar to the diseases they will be expected to treat.
Today this principal is known as the "Law of Similars" and is the
basis for the use of the term homeopathy ("similar suffering").
Hahnemann and colleagues began to test various substances to
determine the types of symptoms they produced. These results suggested to
Hahnemann what the drugs would be useful to treat. Hahnemann reasoned
that doses of these substances that produced overt symptoms would be inappropriate
for treatment of diseases with the same symptoms. Thus he advocated
reduction of the dose to infinitesimal levels by multiple serial dilutions of
ten or hundred fold . Soluble compounds or liquids were diluted in
alcohol; insoluble materials were serially diluted by grinding with
lactose. (more specific descriptions of his reasoning can be found in the
"philosophical
basis" section. He compiled his results into a treatise called
the "Organon
of rational therapeutics" which he first published in 1810. The
sixth edition, published in 1921, is still used today as homeopathy's basic
text. Hahnemann practiced Homeopathic medicine for almost 50 years until
his death in 1843.
Today,
nearly all French pharmacies sell homeopathic remedies and medicines; and
homeopathy has a particularly strong following in Russia,
India, Switzerland, Mexico,
Germany, Netherlands, Italy,
England, and South America.

Samuel
Hahnemann's grave at Pere Lachaise in Paris. Bust by David
d'Angers.
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